Out of given choices, ''It occurs when an individual receives a pleasurable experience,'' is true of the positive reinforcement theory of the psychological explanation of the drug abuse. Therefore, the option A holds true.
Drug abuse is a concept that can be easily explained in terms of using intoxicants and addictive drug substance for pleasure, and not under prescription of a medical practitioner under specific bodily conditions. Drug abuse tends to happen only when the individual who consumes it undergoes a pleasurable experience.
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Identify a characteristic associated with the positive reinforcement for drug use.
A. It occurs when an individual receives a pleasurable experience.
B. It occurs when an individual does something to seek relief or to avoid pain.
C. None of the above
D. All of the above
According to the manifest needs theory, which of the following is true of high achievers and low achievers?
a) People with a high need for achievement consider high-risk and no-risk situations as a waste of time.
b) People who are driven by a high need for achievement would prefer high-risk situations that have little chance of success.
c) People with a low need for achievement are motivated by the expectation of success.
d) People with a low need for achievement prefer moderate-risk situations that are most likely to guarantee success.
According to the manifest needs theory, which of the following is true of high achievers and low achievers option A.People with a high need for achievement consider high-risk and no-risk situations as a waste of time.
What is manifest needs theory?Manifest needs theory, also known as the acquired needs theory, is a motivational theory that suggests that people are motivated by three types of needs: achievement, affiliation, and power.
According to this theory, achievement needs are the desire to excel and accomplish goals, affiliation needs are the desire for social interaction and relationships, and power needs are the desire to control and influence others. These needs are not innate but rather acquired through life experiences and cultural influences.
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John was bullied a lot in grade school. Given this early experience, which of the following behaviors is John MOST likely to exhibit later in life?
anxiety and disorganized thoughts
It's difficult to predict exactly how John will behave later in life based solely on his experience of being bullied in grade school.
However, research suggests that individuals who have experienced bullying in childhood are at increased risk for a range of negative outcomes, including anxiety, depression, and social isolation.
Given this, it's possible that John may struggle with anxiety later in life, particularly in social situations where he feels vulnerable or exposed. He may also have difficulty organizing his thoughts and emotions, as he may have internalized the message that he is not valued or worthy of respect.
That being said, it's important to note that not all individuals who experience bullying in childhood will develop these negative outcomes, and that many are able to develop resilience and coping strategies that allow them to thrive despite their early experiences. It's also possible that John may exhibit other behaviors or characteristics that are not related to his experience of being bullied.
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in the context of the couple and family map, which of the following statements is true about pursuers?
In the context of the couple and family map, option C: they place high values on talking and expressing feelings.
The powerful Couple and Family Maps give couples a clear visual picture of how they individually view their relationship on the dimensions of "closeness" and "flexibility." The Couple and Family Maps are "dynamic," which means that a given couple or family's location on the map changes over time as a result of factors and occasions affecting their life.
Life transitions like the birth of a child or retirement might have an impact on map mobility. Map placement can also be caused by unanticipated trauma or pressures, such a family member's severe illness. Couples and families typically work best if they are in the balanced or mid-range categories, even if there is no ultimate "optimal level" or placement for any relationship.
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Complete question is:
In the context of the Couple and Family Map, which of the following statements is true about pursuers?
A. They are private, self-reliant people rather than help-seekers.
B. They have difficulty showing neediness, vulnerability, and dependency.
C. They place a high value on talking and expressing feelings.
D. They want emotional space when stress is high.
T/F. When a group is seen as being highly instrumental to achieving personal goals, individuals will typically submit to the will of the group.
When a group is seen as being highly instrumental to achieving personal goals, individuals will typically submit to the will of the group. The give statement is true.
Some teams have a finite lifespan, such as design teams working on brand-new products or teams dedicated to ongoing process improvement. A discourse community is a collection of people who communicate about common goals in accordance with the same discourses—basic beliefs and values—that they hold in common. Discourse communities are "groups that have goals or purposes and use communication to attain these aims," according to linguist John Swales.
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"A good part of the struggles of mankind center around the single task of finding an expedient accommodation -one, that is, that will bring happiness - between [claims of individual liberty] and the cultural claims of the group; and one of the problems that touches the fate of humanity is whether such an accommodation can be reached by means of some particular form of civilization or whether this conflict is irreconcilable."
The precis of the paragraph and Title of the Paragraph will be " Liberty of Individual"
The liberty of the individual is no gift of civilization. It was unlimited before there was any civilization, though then, it is true, it had for the most part no value, since the individual was scarcely in a position to defend it.
The development of civilization imposes restrictions on it, and justice demands that no one shall escape those restrictions. What makes itself felt in a human community as a desire for freedom may be their revolt against some existing injustice, and so may prove favorable to a further development of civilization; it may remain compatible with civilization. But it may also spring from the remains of their original personality, which is still untamed by civilization.
The urge for freedom, therefore, is directed against particular forms and demands of civilization or against civilization altogether. It does not seem as though any influence could induce a man to change his nature a termite’s. No doubt he will always defend his claim to individual liberty against the will of the group.
A good part of the struggles of mankind centers round the single task of finding an expedient accommodation—one, that is, that will bring happiness—between this claim of the individual and the cultural claims of the group; and one of the problems that touches the fate of humanity is whether such an accommodation can be reached by means of some particular form of civilization or whether this conflict is irreconcilable.
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Complete question"
. Precis the following paragraph and also suggest the title [20]
The liberty of the individual is no gift of civilization. It was unlimited before there was any civilization, though then, it is true, it had for the most part no value, since the individual was scarcely in a position to defend it. The development of civilization imposes restrictions on it, and justice demands that no one shall escape those restrictions. What makes itself felt in a human community as a desire for freedom may be their revolt against some existing injustice, and so may prove favorable to a further development of civilization; it may remain compatible with civilization. But it may also spring from the remains of their original personality, which is still untamed by civilization. The urge for freedom, therefore, is directed against particular forms and demands of civilization or against civilization altogether. It does not seem as though any influence could induce a man to change his nature a termite’s. No doubt he will always defend his claim to individual liberty against the will of the group. A good part of the struggles of mankind centers round the single task of finding an expedient accommodation—one, that is, that will bring happiness—between this claim of the individual and the cultural claims of the group; and one of the problems that touches the fate of humanity is whether such an accommodation can be reached by means of some particular form of civilization or whether this conflict is irreconcilable.
FILL IN THE BLANK _____ is the set of values and the norms of behavior that are approved or sanctioned by a particular society.
Answer:
FILL IN THE BLANK
Natural culture is the set of values and the norms of behavior that are approved or sanctioned by a particular society.
Explanation:
You're welcome, hope this is correct.
Contrast the psychodynamic, humanistic, existential, behavioral, and cognitive views of anxiety and anxiety disorders. (minimum of 200 words; maximum 300)
Many psychopathologies, including anxiety, are rooted in intrapsychic conflicts, according to the psychodynamic perspective. The majority of the time, we are unaware of these conflicts.
A significant gap between a person's perceived self and their actual self, according to the humanistic perspective, can lead to anxiety. To put it another way, anxiety occurs when real information about oneself threatens one's perceived self.
Anxiety, according to the existential perspective, is primarily brought on by a sense of futility. An individual feels restless when they don't have the foggiest idea about the importance of their lives. This is why existential therapy helps people make meaning.
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, people who pursue goals for extrinsic reasons, like money or status, are less likely to attain their goals and are less happy even when they do because the goals are less meaningful to them
If individuals pursue goals because of an intrinsic interest, they are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not.
It is highly appropriate and completely relevant to be mentioning that people who pursue their goals with extrinsic reasons are less likely to attain their goals, and their goals are less meaningful to them. Therefore, the said statement is true.
The goals of an individual are backed by interests. It depicts what is the actual reason of an individual to achieve or accomplish their goals, as such. However, when their goals have extrinsic reasons, they tend to be happy even if the goals remain unaccomplished as they do not hold importance for them.
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Complete question
People who pursue goals for extrinsic reasons, like money or status, are less likely to attain their goals and are less happy even when they do because the goals are less meaningful to them. If individuals pursue goals because of an intrinsic interest, they are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not.
TRUE or FALSE
Which of the following examples can reflect a society's values even though they may not be shared by everyone? home ownership democracy good health.
Home ownership ,good health, democracy examples can reflect a society's values even though they may not be shared by everyone.
Home ownership may be regarded as a method to build stability, make a future investment, or demonstrate independence. However, not everyone may have the means or the desire to buy a home, and some people may choose to rent or live in other types of housing.
Similar to how productivity, quality of life, and a sense of responsibility may all be maintained, well health can be appreciated. Unfortunately, not everyone may place a high priority on their health or have access to the means necessary to preserve it.
Finally, democracy may be regarded as a means of ensuring freedom, accountability, or representation. Other people, however, might not support democratic values or favor other types of government.
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complete Question -
Which of the following examples can reflect a society's values even though they may not be shared by everyone?
A) Cooking traditional dishes
B) Wearing traditional clothing
C) Home ownership ,good health, democracy
D) Speaking a particular language
true/false. when uber was experiencing its first wave of tremendous growth, was a concern as people still use public transportation such as buses and subways.
When uber was experiencing its first wave of tremendous growth, was a concern as people still use public transportation such as buses and subways True.
What are some examples of public transportation?Buses, light rail, and subways are just a few examples of the transit alternatives available in public transportation networks. These services are open to the general public, may have fares, and operate on a set schedule.
Does Pittsburgh have a public transit system?Bus, light rail, and incline services are offered, and the majority of organizations offer commuter service into Downtown Pittsburgh.
Is there a public transit system on Staten Island?Staten Island is serviced by Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) bus lines and the Staten Island Railway, an MTA rapid transit line that connects Tottenville and the St. George ferry terminal. The only borough not connected to the New York City Subway network is Staten Island.
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Which of the following are the top 5 risk factors that contribute to crashes and death in Texas?
Speeding, driving under the influence, failure to control speed, failure to drive in a single lane, and running and not stopping at traffic lights and stop signs are the top 5 risk factors that contribute to crashes and death in Texas.
The most crucial thing to do to avoid any collisions or accidents is to stop the car at stop signs and traffic lights. The purpose of traffic lights and signs is to regulate traffic and prevent collisions. It enables and aids in safely passing the moving vehicles. However, disregarding traffic signals and signs can result in fatal collisions and serious injuries. This must be avoided because it is extremely risky.
In Texas, speeding is frequently a contributing factor in fatal accidents. According to the TDOT, over 17,000 accidents in 2015 involved drivers who were either going too fast or going over the posted speed limit. Over 3,300 injuries and 398 fatalities were caused by these collisions.
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there are at least six universal functions of families. which of the following is one of these universal functions?
One of the universal functions of families is to provide socialization and education to children.
What is socialization?
Socialization is the process by which individuals learn and adopt the beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and social norms of their culture or society. It is a lifelong process that begins in childhood and continues throughout an individual's life. Through socialization, individuals learn how to behave in various social situations and develop their social skills, which are essential for their functioning as members of their society.
Socialization occurs primarily through interactions with others, such as parents, siblings, peers, and teachers, and through exposure to social institutions, such as schools, religious institutions, and the media.
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fill in the blank. When passing, _____ only when you can see the tires of the vehicle you passed in your rearview mirror.
With the aid of a mirror, you can see the vehicle behind you in a moving vehicle. Hence, choice A is the best one.
Describe a mirror.
The mirror is a flat surface that, when an object is placed in front of it, reflects or reflects the object.
With the aid of a mirror, you can see the vehicle behind you in a moving vehicle.
While passing, don't move back into your lane until you can see the other car's tyres in your rearview.
Hence, choice A is the best one.
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The actual question is :
When passing, _____ only when you can see the tires of the vehicle you passed in your rearview mirror.
A. return to your lane
B. move into the next lane
C. flash your headlights
D. honk your horn
Assume that Maria Gonzalez was 36 years old when she filed her 2022 tax return. She has 2 kids ages 5 & 12 years old who she claimed as dependents on her tax return. Also, her W2 wages were $60,000, $5,000 was received from unemployment income and her federal withholdings were $5,200. She also donated $10,500 to her needy friends and gave $12,000 to her church as tithes. Also, her sales tax was $569. Assume that her tax from the IRS tax table was $5.182. Based on the following facts above, What is Maria’s?Filing Status ________________Total Income $___________________Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) $______________________Standard Deduction $___________________________Total Itemized Deduction $ ________________________Taxable Income $_______________________________Child Tax Credit (CTC) $ _______________________Tax Refund $____________________________Tax owed, if any $ _________________________
Maria's filing status is unknown given the facts offered. To compute her standard deduction and determine whether she is eligible for any deductions or credits, you must know her filing status.
W2 wages total $60k in total income.
Income from Unemployment: $5,000
Income total: $65,000
Total Income - Adjustments = Adjusted Gross Income (AGI).
Maria has no knowledge of any changes to her income, so her AGI is identical to Income total: $65,000
Standard Deduction: In 2022, the standard deduction for single filers is $12,950.
Itemized deduction total: Maria contributed $12,000 in tithes to her church and $10,500 to friends in need. If she solely claims these as itemized deductions, her total itemized deduction will be $22,500. She would want to take the standard deduction as it is greater than her total itemized deduction.
Taxable Income is calculated as follows: Taxable Income $65,000 - $12,950 = $52,050 (AGI - Standard Deduction).
Maria would be qualified for a total Child Tax Credit (CTC) of $6,000 ($3,000 per child) if her two children, who are aged 5 and 12, were included.
Tax Calculation: According to the IRS tax table, Maria owes $5,182 in taxes. She overpaid her taxes by $18 because her federal withholdings were $5,200, which would result in a tax refund.
Tax refund: Because Maria overpaid her taxes, she would receive a $18 refund.
Tax due, if any: Maria did not owe any taxes because she overpaid her taxes.
Keep in mind that Maria's filing status as Single is the basis for the calculations above. The computations can vary if her filing status changes.
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If a person scores at the median on a test, and if the scores on the test are normally distributed, the individual will be in which stanine? A. the first B. the fifth C. the ninth D. the fifteenth
The correct answer is B. the fifth. If the scores on the test are normally distributed, the person who scored at the median would be in the fifth stanine.
This stanine represents the range of scores from the 40th to the 59th percentile, which is a typical range for average scores.
A stanine is a way of dividing a normal distribution of scores into nine equal parts. Each stanine represents a range of scores and is associated with a percentile rank. The first stanine represents the lowest 4 percent of scores, while the ninth stanine represents the highest 4 percent of scores.
Since the person in this scenario scored at the median, that means they scored at the 50th percentile. This also means that 50 percent of the scores fall below this person's score and 50 percent of the scores fall above it.
In a normal distribution, the median also falls at the point where the distribution is split into two equal halves.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. when _____ is used, fuzzy traces are built up, which are more enduring and less likely to be forgotten than _____ traces
when gist is used, fuzzy traces are built up, which are more enduring and less likely to be forgotten than verbatim traces.
Contrary to conventional expectancy-value techniques, fuzzy-trace theory is a dual-process model of memory, reasoning, judgement, and decision-making. We review the research on fuzzy-trace theory's application to health with the following three goals in mind: assessing whether the theory's fundamental distinctions have been empirically validated in the field of health;
evaluating whether these distinctions are helpful in assessing, explaining, and predicting psychological processes related to health; and evaluating whether the theory can be used to improve health judgements, decisions, or behaviours, particularly in comparison to other approaches.
Large gaps in the literature aside, the majority of investigations backed up all three objectives. Fuzzy-trace theory offers insights into how people make decisions regarding health risks by concentrating on fundamental psychological processes that underpin judgement and decision-making, and it promotes creative intervention strategies to enhance health outcomes.
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True or False: Population crowding leads to the spread of infectious disease.
When a large number of people congregate in one area, infectious diseases can spread.
How does an infection spread?Infections disease occur as a result of viruses that circulate in the air, and when a person becomes infected, he will sneeze or cough. If that person sneezes in a crowded room, and another person is very close to him, and the other person is not wearing a mask, the infections disease will be affected by that person. Infections disease also circulate in the air, and when a person sneezes repeatedly, the infectious bacteria will Infected.
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Identify the statements that accurately describe artifact classification.
Describes Artifact Classification - Classification groups artifacts arbitrarily. Different archaeologists may classify artifacts differently.
Does Not Describe Artifact Classification - Classification should determine the way that archaeologists think about the past. Classifications are inherent to the artifacts themselves.
Artifact classification is a process of grouping artifacts into categories based on their characteristics and properties.
This process is not an exact science and can be somewhat arbitrary. Different archaeologists may classify artifacts differently based on their own interpretations and biases. Therefore, the statement "Classification groups artifacts arbitrarily. Different archaeologists may classify artifacts differently" accurately describes artifact classification.
However, the statement "Classification should determine the way that archaeologists think about the past. Classifications are inherent to the artifacts themselves" does not accurately describe artifact classification. While classifications can provide insight into the past, they do not necessarily determine the way that archaeologists think about the past. Additionally, classifications are not inherent to the artifacts themselves, but rather a product of the classification process applied by archaeologists.
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Michelle recently totaled her car, a white Honda Accord that she loved. Now, while traveling on the freeway, she notices white Honda Accords everywhere.What mental process is Michelle experiencing?
Michelle is experiencing selective attention, which is the mental process of focusing on certain stimuli in the environment while ignoring others. In this case, her recent experience with her white Honda Accord has made her more likely to notice other white Honda Accords on the freeway.
Michelle is exhibiting a phenomenon known as selective attention, which is the process of filtering stimuli and focusing on particular aspects of an environment. In her case, her experience with her white Honda Accord has caused her to become more attuned to other white Honda Accords when driving on the freeway.
This demonstrates the powerful effect that our past experiences can have on how we interpret the world around us. It also illustrates how our brains have the capacity to focus in on relevant details while filtering out distractions.
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the export license application and information network (elain) is an electronic service that enables exporters to
The Export License Application and Information Network (ELAIN) is an electronic service that enables exporters to apply for export licenses online and access information related to export regulations and procedures.
What does ELAIN provides ?ELAIN provides a streamlined and convenient way for exporters to apply for export licenses, track their application status, and receive updates on export regulations and policies. With ELAIN, exporters can avoid the time-consuming process of submitting paper-based applications and waiting for manual approval. ELAIN also offers a user-friendly interface and provides quick access to relevant information related to export regulations, trade agreements, and other resources that can help exporters navigate the export process more efficiently. Overall, ELAIN can significantly simplify the export process for businesses and help them stay compliant with regulations while expanding their international trade.
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which of the following is practiced in transcendental meditation but not in mindfulness meditation?
Practical self-control method that utilizes a mantra is practiced in transcendental meditation but not in mindfulness meditation. The correct option is c.
In order to manage responsibilities and lessen the physical toll that taking on more than we can handle has on our bodies, stress relief is crucial. Stress can make us feel inadequate and harm our health when we are trying to meet deadlines, are working under pressure, or have too much to do.
The right response is (c) It is a useful self-control technique that makes use of a mantra. Not mindfulness meditation, but concentrative meditation is described here. Being mindful is simpler, leads to a different kind of consciousness, and aids in developing self- and other-acceptance. The correct option is c.
The question is incomplete, complete question Which of the following is practiced in transcendental meditation but not in mindfulness meditation?
(a) It involves an open, expansive, non-judgmental awareness of the world
(b) It is more difficult to attain than concentrative meditation
(c) It is a practical self-control method that utilizes a mantra
(d) It is a mental exercise used to alter one's consciousness."
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TRUE/FALSE. Emotional appeals tend to lose their effectiveness when they take into account the values, motives, and goals of group members.
Emotional appeals tend to lose their effectiveness when they take into account the values, motives, and goals of group members. False
Emotional appeals can be even more effective when they take into account the values, motives, and goals of group members. When emotional appeals are tailored to the specific needs and values of a group, they can be more persuasive and influential.
This is because people are more likely to be motivated by messages that are relevant to their personal values and goals. By understanding the specific needs and motivations of a group, emotional appeals can be more targeted and effective in influencing attitudes and behaviors.
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Question: Based on the excerpt, which phrase identifies an unstated purpose of President Obama's speech? A. to encourage support for the incoming administration B. to gain support for the newly elected members of Congress to convince his audience to actively participate in government D. to convince his audience to be honest when dealing with the government
Based on the excerpt, the phrase which identifies an unstated purpose of President Obama's speech is to to convince his audience to be honest when dealing with the government. The Option D is correct.
What was the purpose of President Obama's speech on democracy?President Obama has delivered several speeches on democracy throughout his career. As a former US President and a global leader, President Obama has used his platform to champion the ideals of democracy and promote its values around the world.
His speeches on democracy are intended to inspire and educate people about the importance of democratic principles, including freedom of speech, human rights, and fair elections. Additionally, these speeches often aim to address the challenges facing democratic institutions, such as political polarization and disinformation, and to offer solutions for how we can work to strengthen and protect democracy.
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identify the statements that were given to justify the disenfranchisement of women in the mid-nineteenth century
Women are too "pure" to let politics "contaminate" them. Women were too easily influenced by passion.
How would you define women at the middle of the nineteenth century?Women were obligated to preserve a housewife ideal in the 19th century. Women were supposed to take care of the housework, cooking, and childcare. In the 19th century, they played a very different role than males did. Women weren't provided with the same chances as men and were not permitted to speak up. For women, the turn of the 20th century brought about transformation and reform. assuming an occupation and treating others as valued equals rather than the developed roles of wife, mom, and submissive.
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Which of the following is an example of an assessment likely to be used by a social-cognitive psychologist?
a. A student teacher is formally observed and evaluated in front of the classroom
b. a person applying for a managerial position takes takes the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
c. A defendant in a criminal case is interviewed by a court-appointed psychologist
d. In a premarriage counseling session, a young couple responds to ambiguous inkblots
e. A depressed young man is asked by his therapist to relax on a couch and talk about whatever comes to mind
In front of a class, a trainee is formally assessed and observed. (Choice A)
By social-cognitive psychologist, what do you mean?Psychology's study of social cognition focuses on how individuals gather, organise, and use knowledge about others and social contexts. The emphasis is on the function of cognitive processes in social interactions. According to the social cognitive theory, people's personalities are shaped by what they see others doing. For instance, when a teenager attends a party, he or she observes that those who are consuming beer slur their speech, are more combative, and are louder compared to those who aren't.
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in experiments, people have been found to conform more when they must ___ than when they must ___.
In experiments, people have been found to conform more when they must respond publicly than when they must respond privately.
Public conformity refers to conforming to a group norm when one's behavior is observable by others. This type of conformity is driven by a desire to be accepted and approved of by others and to avoid social rejection or disapproval. When individuals are required to respond publicly, they may feel more pressure to conform to the group norm in order to be seen as cooperative and likable by others.
Private conformity, on the other hand, refers to conforming to a group norm when one's behavior is not observable by others. This type of conformity is driven by a desire to be accurate and to make the right decision. When individuals are required to respond privately, they may feel less pressure to conform to the group norm as they can express their true beliefs and opinions without fear of social disapproval.
Overall, public conformity tends to be stronger than private conformity as people are more likely to conform to social norms when their behavior is observable by others. However, the extent of conformity may also depend on various individual and situational factors, such as the perceived importance of the group, the level of ambiguity in the task or situation, and the perceived expertise or credibility of the group members.
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describe in at least two senses what has become known as the New England strategy of the British 
There are several interpretations of what has become known as the British New England strategy.
What are the British senses like?The first territories in New England were usually catching fish villages or farming communities on more fertile riverbank land. The rocky soil of the New England Colonies was not as fertile as that of the Middle or Southern Settlers, but the land provided abundant resources, including highly valued lumber. Lumber could also be exported back to England, because of the scarcity of wood. Furthermore, wildlife hunting provided both tradeable furs and meals for the table.
In exchange for imports, the Southern colonies could yield tobacco, rice, and indigo, whereas New England's colonies can only offer fish, furs, and lumber. Monetary policy was a major economic problem. Shipbuilding drew on the abundant lumber and revived the economy during the 18th century, often under the path of the British Crown.
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Step 1: Read the following:
A speaker's definition of a family (resource unknown):
Actually, sociologists don't agree very much about how to define family, but probably the vast majority of sociologists don't always bother to ask that question directly – they tend to sidestep it. I think anthropologists are a bit more careful here because anthropologists almost always are focusing on comparing one culture to another, and too often sociologists – not all sociologists but many sociologists – work within their own countries and tend to take for granted the definition of family that they presume is most widespread there. There are sociologists who challenge the definitions, and there certainly are some interesting conversations about what counts as a family. What's really interesting is that the public does tend to agree more on what counts as a family than sociologists probably do or that most politicians do. Most people today when they are polled will tell you that a family are people who love and take care of each other, which is actually a worldly revolutionary definition of family, because historically family has always been defined much more by issues of social obligation and reproduction and economic interdependency and religious constraints and things like that. So, our families have changed dramatically and I'm not sure that sociologists have always been able to keep up as well as maybe even people who are living their lives are able to.
Classroom eText definition of a family (Chapter 4: Socialization and the Life Course (page 85)
For most people, the family is the first source of socialization. Through families, children are introduced to the expectations of society. Children learn to see themselves through their parents’ eyes. How parents define and treat a child is crucial to the development of the child’s sense of self.
What children learn in families is certainly not uniform. Even though families pass on the expectations of a given culture, families within that culture may be highly diverse, as we will see in Chapter 13. Some families may emphasize educational achievement over physical activity; some may be more permissive, whereas others emphasize strict obedience and discipline. Within families, children may experience different expectations based on gender or birth order (being born first, second, or third). Living in a family experiencing the strain of social problems such as alcoholism, unemployment, domestic violence, or teen pregnancy also affects how children are socialized. The specific effects of different family structures and processes are the basis for ongoing and extensive sociological research.
Sociologists have also found that there are significant class differences in how children are socialized in families. By observing families in different social classes over an extended period of time, sociologist Annette Lareau found that children raised in upper- and middle-class families are given highly structured activities, such as music lessons, organized sports and clubs, language instruction, and other activities that both fill the family calendar and give children little free time. Cultivated childhood is the result as children in the upper and middle classes learn to navigate institutions and interact with authority figures in ways that will benefit them later in life. Working-class children, on the other hand, have much more unstructured childhoods, allowing them to create their own activities, but leaving them without the same skills to successfully navigate social institutions, such as school and work, later in life. In this sense, childhood socialization in families reproduces a system of inequality that advantages those who already have resources and disadvantages everyone else (Lareau 2011).
As important as the family is in socializing the young, it is not the only socialization agent. As children grow up, they encounter other socializing influences, sometimes in ways that might contradict family expectations. Even parents who want to socialize their children in less gender-stereotyped ways might be frustrated by the influence of other socializing forces, which promote highly gender-typed toys and activities to boys and girls. These multiple influences on the socialization process create what sociologist Emily Kane has called “the gender trap,” meaning the expectations and structures that reproduce gender norms, even when parents try to resist them (Kane 2012).
⭐Step 2: What is YOUR definition of a family? (do not copy/paste from reading. Tell us what YOU consider to be family or how you define it).
Is your definition different from the reading, why? If not, why do you think the definition is so standard?
According to the readings, There may be differences in how the general public and academics define families. Given the variety of human experiences and ideals, it is not surprising that there is no one, universal definition of what constitutes a family.
How can we define the term Family?Depending on the cultural, societal, and individual situations, the concept of family might change. Some people may define family as include close friends and non-blood relatives, while others may not. While some may place more weight on cultural or religious traditions, some may stress the value of love and emotional ties in defining a family.
What is socialization?Individuals absorb and internalize the cultural norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors of their community or group through the process of socialization. It entails developing the abilities, information, attitudes, and behaviors required to contribute positively to interpersonal relationships and interactions.
What makes socialization?Our sense of self and identity, as well as our comprehension of social roles, expectations, and standards, are all shaped by the socialization process. It impacts our conduct and attitudes, our behavior and beliefs, and how we see and relates to others. Depending on the social and cultural setting, as well as personal characteristics including personality, upbringing, and experiences, the degree of socialization may vary.
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is the process of identifying and defining activities that must be performed to produce project deliverables.
Project activity definition is the initial step of project planning, which defines the activities that need to be performed to produce project deliverables.
It's the process of breaking down the design into lower, manageable factors. exertion description involves breaking down the design into individual tasks, also defining each task in terms of its duration, cost, dependences , resources and other affiliated factors.
The result of this process is a list of conditioning that need to be completed and a timeline for completion. Proper exertion description is essential for successful design operation as it provides clarity and direction for the entire team.
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true/false. one of the significant features of the code of hammurabi was that in each situation it handed down the exact same punishment for all types of people.
One of the significant features of the code of hammurabi was that in each situation it handed down the exact same punishment for all types of people. True
The code was based on the principle of "an eye for an eye" and "a tooth for a tooth," and it prescribed specific punishments for various crimes and offenses. Importantly, the code applied the same punishment to all members of society, regardless of social status or rank.
This was a departure from earlier systems of justice, which often granted greater leniency to those of higher social standing. The Code of Hammurabi is regarded as one of the earliest examples of a legal system that applied the same rules to all members of society.
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