In the following reactions, identify the species being oxidized and reduced. Justify your answera. Cr+ + Sn4+ → Cr3+ + Sn2+b. Fe2+ + Zn(s)→ Fe(s) +Zn2+c. 2As(s) + 3Cl2(g)→2AsCl3What is the historical definition of Reduction? Define Oxidation and Reduction in terms of electron transfer.

Atoms in 14 moles of cadmium are  84.3 × 10²³ atoms .This is taken out by mole concept via Avogadro number .

The Avogadro constant, also known as NA or L, is a proportionality factor that relates the number of constituent particles (typically molecules, atoms, or ions) in a sample to the amount of substance in that sample. It is a SI defining constant with the exact value of 6.02214076×10²³.  Stanislao Cannizzaro named it after the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro, who explained it four years after Avogadro's death at the Karlsruhe Congress in 1860.

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Answer:

Meant to be used in both the teaching and research laboratory, this calculator (see below) can be utilized to perform a number of different calculations for preparing percent (%) solutions when starting with the solid or liquid material. It is very common to express the concentration of solutions in terms of percentages. Percent means per 100 parts, where for solutions, part refers to a measure of mass (μg, mg, g, kg, etc.) or volume (μL, mL, L, etc.). In percent solutions, the amount (weight or volume) of a solute is expressed as a percentage of the total solution weight or volume. Percent solutions can take the form of weight/volume % (wt/vol % or w/v %), weight/weight % (wt/wt % or w/w %), or volume/volume % (vol/vol % or v/v %). In each case, the percentage concentration is calculated as the fraction of the weight or volume of the solute related to the total weight or volume of the solution.

Because percent solutions can be expressed in three different ways, it is imperative that the type of percent solution be explicitly stated. If this information is not provided, the end user is left to "guess" whether w/v %, w/w %, or v/v % was used. Each percent solution is appropriate for a number of different applications. For example, commercial aqueous reagents, such as concentrated acids and bases, are typically expressed as weight/weight % solutions. For example, commercially available concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) is 37% by weight (w/w %). On the other hand, many dilute solutions used for biological research are expressed as weight/volume % (e.g., 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). Volume/volume % solutes are also common, and are used when pure solutes in liquid form are used. For example, a 70 % (v/v) solution of ethanol can be prepared by dissolving 70 mL of 100% (i.e., 200 proof) ethanol in a total solution volume of 100 mL.

Explanation:

The partial pressure (in mmHg) if the partial pressure of CO2 is 795 mmHg is given as 1763 mmHg.

To find the partial pressure of NO2, we can use the formula:

total pressure = partial pressure of NO2 + partial pressure of CO2

We know that the total pressure is 2558 mmHg, and the partial pressure of CO2 is 795 mmHg. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

2558 mmHg = partial pressure of NO2 + 795 mmHg

To solve for the partial pressure of NO2, we can subtract 795 mmHg from both sides:

2558 mmHg - 795 mmHg = partial pressure of NO2

This gives us:

1763 mmHg = partial pressure of NO2

Therefore, the partial pressure of NO2 is 1763 mmHg.

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According to the question Synthesis and Decomposition reaction types are reversible.

Reversible items are those that can be returned to their original state after being altered or changed in some way. Examples of reversible items include clothing items with zippers or buttons, items that can be folded or unfolded, items with removable parts, and items that can be reconfigured. Reversible items can be used multiple times, which helps reduce waste and save money. Additionally, reversible items can be used in a variety of different ways, giving them more versatility than non-reversible items. Reversible items can also be reconfigured to fit different needs and situations. For example, a reversible shirt can be worn with the buttons on the front or the back, giving it a different look each time it is worn. Reversible items are a great way to be more eco-friendly and get the most out of your wardrobe.

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The reversible reaction types include Synthesis and Decomposition.

The chemical processes known as reversible reactions are those that can go both forward and backward.

These processes are also referred to as bidirectional processes. Typically, a reversible reaction is represented as A⇌B

A is the reactant and B is the product in this instance.

Reactant: A chemical reaction begins with reactants or starting ingredients. Chemical bonds between reactants are broken and new ones are made to create products during this chemical transformation. A is the reactant in this scenario, while B is the outcome.

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Given the equilibrium constants for the equilibria, Kc for the following

equilibrium is 3.06 × 10⁴

A chemical reaction's equilibrium constant is the value of its reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state attained by a dynamic chemical system after a sufficient amount of time has passed in which its composition has no measurable tendency to change further. The equilibrium constant is independent of the initial analytical concentrations of the reactant and product species in the mixture for a given set of reaction conditions. As a result, given the initial composition of a system, known equilibrium constant values can be used to determine the system's composition at equilibrium. Temperature, solvent, and ionic strength, for example, can all influence the value of the equilibrium constant.

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approximately 210.92°C to occupy a volume of 650 mL at 1.00 atm pressure.

At the same pressure of 1.00 atmosphere, the gas would occupy 650 mL at a temperature of approximately 212.33 degrees Celsius.

To solve this problem, we use combined gas law equation:

(P₁ × V₁) / T₁ = (P₂ × V₂) / T₂

Where:

P₁ = Initial pressure

V₁ = Initial volume

T = Initial temperature

P₂ = Final pressure (same as initial pressure)

V₂ = Final volume

T₂ = Final temperature

Given:

P₁ = P₂ = 1.00 atm (pressure remains constant)

V₁ = 460 mL

T₁ = 70.0 degrees Celsius (converted to Kelvin)

V₂ = 650 mL

First, let's convert the initial temperature to Kelvin:

T₁(K) = T₁(°C) + 273.15

T₁(K) = 70.0 + 273.15

T₁(K) = 343.15 K

Now we plug in the values into the combined gas law equation and solve for T₂

(1.00 × 460) / 343.15 = (1.00 × 650) / T₂

Simplifying the equation:

460 / 343.15 = 650 / T₂

Cross-multiplying and solving for T₂

460 × T₂ = 650 × 343.15

T₂ = (650 × 343.15) / 460

Calculating T₂

T₂ = 485.48 K

Now, let's convert the final temperature from Kelvin back to degrees Celsius:

T₂(°C) = T₂(K) - 273.15

T₂(°C) = 485.48 - 273.15

T₂(°C) = 212.33°C

Therefore, at the same pressure of 1.00 atmosphere, the gas occupied 650 mL at a temperature of approximately 212.33 degrees Celsius.

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In any organic redox reaction, the reduced and oxidized molecules can be identified by the difference in charge between the products and the reactants. Reduction results in an increase in charge, while oxidation causes a decrease in charge.

Redox is a sort of chemical process in which the oxidation states of the substrate change . When electrons are lost or the oxidation state increases, it is called oxidation; when they are gained or the oxidation state decreases, it is called reduction.

Redox reactions fall into one of two categories:

Only one electron (typically) moves from the reducing agent to the oxidant during an electron transfer. It is common to talk about this kind of redox reaction in terms of redox couples and electrode potentials.

A transfer of an atom occurs when one substrate gives way to another. For instance, as iron rusts, the oxidation state of the iron atoms increases as the iron transforms into an oxide, while the oxidation state of oxygen falls as it absorbs oxygen. Other chemical species can perform the same function, despite the fact that oxidation reactions are frequently linked to the production of oxides. Hydrogen atoms are transferred during the hydrogenation process to diminish C=C (and other) bonds.

For example, if a reaction produces a molecule with a +1 charge and a reactant with a -1 charge, the product has been reduced and the reactant has been oxidized.

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Answer: Manganese

Explanation:

With titanium, it only has two d electrons, so it can't form different high and low spin complexes. It doesn't matter because it will never fill the higher-energy orbitals. The total spin state turns out to be +1 (two unpaired d electrons, no matter what). Therefore, manganese will form both a high and low spin complex.

The atom with the larger first ionization energy is Titanium. Option a.

The atom with the larger first ionization energy is Tin. Option b.

Ionization is the process of removing one or more electrons from an atom or molecule, resulting in the formation of an ion. This can be achieved through a variety of methods, such as exposure to high-energy radiation or contact with other charged particles.

Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom or molecule, resulting in the formation of a positively charged ion. This energy is typically measured in electron volts (eV) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol), and varies depending on the identity of the atom or molecule and the electronic configuration of its valence shell. Ionization energy is an important property of atoms and molecules, as it can provide insight into their reactivity and chemical behavior.

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Answer: It is not necessarily advantageous for a predator to prey exclusively on a single prey species, as this can limit their options and make them vulnerable if the population of that prey species declines or becomes extinct. Predators that are more flexible and able to switch between different prey species may be better equipped to survive and thrive in changing environments.

However, there are some advantages to specializing in a single prey species. For example, a predator that is well adapted to hunting a particular prey species may be more efficient and successful at capturing and consuming that prey, which could provide a reliable source of energy. Additionally, if the predator and prey have co-evolved, the predator may have adaptations that specifically allow it to exploit the weaknesses or vulnerabilities of its prey, giving it an advantage over predators that are less specialized.

Answer:

Some metalloids are liquids at room temperature.

They are all solid at room temperature.

Explanation:

You're welcome.

Answer:

Calcium fluoride (CaF2): 11.06 g

Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O): 2.08 g

Hydrogen fluoride (HF): 5.68 g

Water vapor (H2O): 8.52 g

Explanation:

We can start by writing the balanced chemical equation for the reaction:

3 Ca(NO3)2 + 10 NH4F → 6 HF + 3 CaF2 + N2O + 10 H2O

This equation tells us that 3 moles of calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) react with 10 moles of ammonium fluoride (NH4F) to produce 3 moles of calcium fluoride (CaF2), 1 mole of dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), 6 moles of hydrogen fluoride (HF), and 10 moles of water (H2O).

We can use the molar masses of each substance to convert the given masses into moles, and then use the mole ratios from the balanced equation to determine the moles of each product formed. Finally, we can convert the moles of each product back into masses using their respective molar masses.

Molar masses:

Ca(NO3)2 = 164.1 g/mol

NH4F = 37.04 g/mol

CaF2 = 78.08 g/mol

N2O = 44.01 g/mol

HF = 20.01 g/mol

H2O = 18.02 g/molMasses given:

m(Ca(NO3)2) = 16.8 g

m(NH4F) = 17.50 g

Converting masses to moles:

n(Ca(NO3)2) = m(Ca(NO3)2) / M(Ca(NO3)2) = 16.8 g / 164.1 g/mol = 0.1022 mol

n(NH4F) = m(NH4F) / M(NH4F) = 17.50 g / 37.04 g/mol = 0.4729 mol

Using the mole ratios from the balanced equation, we can determine the number of moles of each product formed:

n(CaF2) = 3/10 * n(NH4F) = 0.1419 mol

n(N2O) = 1/10 * n(NH4F) = 0.0473 mol

n(HF) = 6/10 * n(NH4F) = 0.2837 mol

n(H2O) = 10/10 * n(NH4F) = 0.4729 mol

Finally, we can convert the moles of each product back into masses:

m(CaF2) = n(CaF2) * M(CaF2) = 0.1419 mol * 78.08 g/mol = 11.06 g

m(N2O) = n(N2O) * M(N2O) = 0.0473 mol * 44.01 g/mol = 2.08 g

m(HF) = n(HF) * M(HF) = 0.2837 mol * 20.01 g/mol = 5.68 g

m(H2O) = n(H2O) * M(H2O) = 0.4729 mol * 18.02 g/mol = 8.52 g

Therefore, the mass of each substance present after the reaction is:

Calcium fluoride (CaF2): 11.06 g

Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O): 2.08 g

Hydrogen fluoride (HF): 5.68 g

Water vapor (H2O): 8.52 g

The volume of the 0.10 molL⁻¹ NaCl solution which contains 0.1 mole of sodium chloride, NaCl is 1 L

Molarity of a solution is defined by the following formula:

Molarity = mole / volume

Cross multiply

Molarity × volume = Mole

Divide both sides by molarity

Volume = mole / molarity

With the above formula, we can obtain the volume of the solution. Details below:

Volume = mole / molarity

Volume of solution = 0.1 / 0.1

Volume of solution = 1 L

Thus, we can conclude that the volume of the solution is 1 L

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Complete question:

0.10 molL⁻¹ NaCl solution contains 1.0 mole of NaCl​. What is the volume of the solution?

Compound X is a tertiary alkyl chloride, C9H19Cl. When treated with KOH in ethanol, it will produce an alcohol, C9H20O, as the only product.

The chemical substance having the formula CH2=CHCH2Cl is known as allyl chloride. This colourless liquid is soluble in typical organic solvents but insoluble in water. It is mostly transformed into epichlorohydrin, which is used to make plastics. It's a propylene derivative that has been chlorinated. It is a valuable and dangerous substance to handle because it is an alkylating agent.

Tertiary haloalkane (3o haloalkane; tertiary haloalkyl halide): a haloalkane (alkyl halide) in which a tertiary carbon is joined to a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I). Tertiary alkyl halides like 2-chloro-2-methylpropane are characteristic of this class.

It can be synthesized through the reaction of an alkene with SOCl2 in the presence of a Lewis acid.

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The complete question is:

Compound X has the molecular formula C9H19Cl, and when treated with KOH in ethanol, 3 total products are obtained. Which of the following is compound X?

The primary distinction between these two negotiation strategies is that distributive negotiation does not take into consideration the demands of the other party when negotiating a settlement.

In a competitive negotiation style known as distributive bargaining, one party only gains when the other party loses.

Positional negotiating involves both sides criticising one other's proposals in an effort to convince the other that theirs is the best. By engaging in interest-based negotiation, both (or all) sides approach the problem and search for a solution that best advances their individual interests.

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1) The shape of an s-orbital is a sphere.

2) There is only one 1s orbital in an atom since the principal quantum number, n, is equal to one.

1) The following is the shape of orbitals:

s --> sphere

2) There is only one 1s orbital in an atom since the principal quantum number, n, is equal to one.

For a 4p orbital, the principal quantum number is 4, the azimuthal quantum number is 1, and there are three possible magnetic quantum numbers (-1, 0, 1), resulting in three separate 4p orbitals.

It is impossible for an atom to contain 48 orbitals because it would necessitate a principal quantum number of 7, which is not feasible. Finally, there is no definitive response to the number of orbitals in an atom with 200 electrons since it would rely on various quantum numbers that cannot be inferred from this information alone.

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Substance       intermolecular force

CH2OH   --->   Hydrogen bonding

CH3F       -->    Dipole-dipole forces

C3H8       -->    Dispersion forces

CaCL2      -->   Ionic bonding

The intermolecular force present in CH2OH is hydrogen bonding. The intermolecular force present in CH3F is  Dipole-dipole forces. Ionic bonding is defined as a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities. It is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. Hydrogen bonding results from the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as a N, O, or F atom and another very electronegative atom.

Dipole-dipole forces are defined as a attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule.  Dispersion force is defined as a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles.

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The complete question is,

Match each substance correctly to the principal type(s) of intermolecular force(s) present, other than covalent bonding.

CH2OH          Ionic bonding

CH3F              Hydrogen bonding

C3H8              Dispersion forces

CaCL2            Dipole-dipole forces

To ensure successful column chromatography, you should take care to avoid introducing too much solvent, adding too much sample, not allowing enough time, not adjusting the pH of the eluent, using a column that is too long, not allowing the column to equilibrate, and using a packing material that is too coarse.

The following should be avoided during a column chromatography experiment:
1. Introducing too much solvent at once - this can cause flooding and may affect the separation.
2. Adding too much sample to the column - this can lead to inefficient separation.
3. Not allowing enough time for the chromatography to run - this can lead to incomplete separation.
4. Failing to adjust the pH of the eluent to match the sample - this can lead to poor resolution.
5. Using a column that is too long - this can lead to band broadening and poor separation.
6. Not allowing the column to equilibrate before running the sample - this can lead to poor resolution.
7. Using a column with a packing material that is too coarse - this can lead to inefficient separation.
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The problem that arises when running a spectrum of a neat liquid is that it can be difficult to distinguish the peaks in the spectrum due to the broadening of the baseline.

This is because the baseline broadening is caused by the interaction of the solvent molecules with the solute molecules, which is difficult to avoid. To reduce the baseline broadening, it is necessary to reduce the solvent concentration or use a denser solvent. In addition, it is also important to ensure that the sample is well-mixed, since inhomogeneity in the sample can lead to peak broadening. It is also important to reduce noise in the spectra, since this can lead to peak broadening or obscuring of the peaks. Finally, it is important to carefully choose the range of wavelengths to be measured, since if the range is too wide, then the baseline broadening may obscure the peaks.

In conclusion, the problems that arise when running a spectrum of a neat liquid include baseline broadening, inhomogeneity in the sample, noise in the spectra, and a too wide range of wavelengths being measured. To reduce these issues, it is important to reduce the solvent concentration or use a denser solvent, ensure that the sample is well-mixed, reduce noise in the spectra, and carefully choose the range of wavelengths to be measured.

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Based on the mass spectrum of a pure element represented above, the average atomic mass of the element is closest to  186.3 amu .

A mass spectrum is simply a plot of the [tex]\frac{m}{z}[/tex] ratios of the ions present in a sample versus their intensities. Each peak in a mass spectrum represents a unique [tex]\frac{m}{z}[/tex] component in the sample, and the heights of the peaks indicate the relative abundance of the various components in the sample.

explanation ,

The relative abundance of isotopes with atomic number masses 90 and 92 would have a weightage average less than 91. With the influence of the mass and abundance of the isotope with atomic number 94, the weightage average would be closer to 91.

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Complete question

Based on the mass spectrum of a pure element represented above, the average atomic mass of the element is closest to which of the following? (65% abundance of 187; 37% abundance of 185)

a) 185.7 amu

b) 186.0 amu

c) 186.3 amu

d) 186.9 amu

Answer: the answer is Mg

Explanation: Trust me

To prepare 50.00 mL of a 0.100 M buffer that is 0.0500 M in NaH2PO4 and has a pH of 7.20, 0.345 g of NaH2PO4•H2O and 3.15 g of Na2HPO4 are required.

        [A^-]/[HA] = 10^(pH - pKa) = 10^(7.20 - 7.21) = 0.891

        [HA] = 0.0500 M

        [A^-] = [HA] x [A^-]/[HA] = 0.0500 M x 0.891 = 0.0445 M

        moles of NaH2PO4 = 0.0500 M x 50.00 mL / 1000 mL = 0.00250                      mol

        moles of Na2HPO4 = 0.0445 M x 50.00 mL / 1000 mL = 0.00223 mol

        mass of NaH2PO4•H2O = 0.00250 mol x 138.0 g/mol = 0.345 g

        mass of Na2HPO4 = 0.00223 mol x 141.96 g/mol = 3.15 g

What is pH?

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] in moles per liter (M), pH = -log[H+].

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Answer:

The molar mass of Na is 22.99 g/mol (rounded to two decimal places).

To calculate the number of atoms in 30 g Na, we first need to convert the mass to moles using the molar mass:

moles of Na = 30 g / 22.99 g/mol = 1.304 mol (rounded to three decimal places)

Next, we can use Avogadro's number, which tells us the number of particles (atoms, molecules, etc.) in one mole of a substance. Avogadro's number is approximately 6.02 x 10^23 particles per mole.

So, to find the number of atoms in 1.304 moles of Na:

number of atoms = 1.304 mol x (6.02 x 10^23 atoms/mol) = 7.854 x 10^23 atoms

Therefore, there are approximately 7.854 x 10^23 atoms in 30 g Na.

Al3+ is reduced to elemental aluminum at the cathode, whereas magnesium metal is oxidized to Mg2+ at the anode. The balanced overall reaction of the cell is:3Mg + ||2Al3+ → 3Mg2+ + ||2Al

The half-cell reactions that take place at the cathode and anode of a galvanic cell in which Al3+ is reduced to elemental aluminum and magnesium metal is oxidized to Mg2+ are as follows:

Half-cell reaction at the cathode: 2Al3+ + 6e- → 2Al

Half-cell reaction at the anode: 3Mg → 3Mg2+ + 6e-

Galvanic cell is an electrochemical cell that drives spontaneous redox reactions to produce electrical energy. The given galvanic cell has the following half-cell reactions:half-cell reaction at the cathode: ||2A13+ + 6e- → 2AI half-cell reaction at the anode: 3Mg → 3Mg2+ + 6e-Thus, Al3+ is reduced to elemental aluminum at the cathode, whereas magnesium metal is oxidized to Mg2+ at the anode. The balanced overall reaction of the cell is:3Mg + ||2Al3+ → 3Mg2+ + ||2Al

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Answer: NaAlF6

Explanation:

1) divide by the smallest number of moles

0.953/.322 =2.96 round to 3 Na

.322/.322 = 1 Al

1.93/.322 =5.99 round to 6 F

2) write in order numbers were give

NaAlF6

The sublimation of solid carbon(IV) oxide is best classified as a physical change because only dispersion forces between CO₂ molecules are disrupted. That is option A.

Sublimation is defined as the conversion of a substance from the solid to the gaseous state without its becoming liquid.

A Physical change can be defined as the change in form of matter without change in its chemical identity.

The solid carbon dioxide is the same carbon dioxide is still present, it just undergoes a phase change to become a colorless gas.

Therefore, the best statement that can be used to classify the sublimation of carbon dioxide is that it's a physical change.

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The conjugate base of a neutral acid that donates a proton will have a charge of -1.

When a neutral acid donates a proton, it is undergoing a process called deprotonation, meaning it has lost a proton from its molecular structure. In this reaction, the neutral acid becomes an anion (negatively charged ion) and the proton is picked up by the base, which is then referred to as the conjugate base of the acid. The conjugate base will have a charge of -1 because it now has one extra electron relative to the original neutral acid.
To illustrate this reaction, consider acetic acid (CH3COOH) donating a proton to a base. When the acid donates a proton, it becomes an anion, CH3COO-, and the base, which has gained a proton, is the conjugate base and has a charge of -1.
In summary, when a neutral acid donates a proton, the conjugate base will have a charge of -1.

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If the chemical potential energy of bond A is greater than the chemical potential energy of bond B, then this means that atoms in bond A are held more tightly together than the atoms in bond B. So option c. is correct.

Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of matter. These reactions involve breaking chemical bonds between molecules and reforming them into new configurations. Excess energy is released and released as heat or work.

Dynamite is a good example of chemical potential energy. The main component of dynamite is nitroglycerin, a highly unstable substance. Mixing it with diatomaceous earth increases its stability and makes it less likely to explode when subjected to physical impact. When ignited, nitroglycerin explodes rapidly, releasing large amounts of nitrogen and other gases along with enormous amounts of heat.  

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The complete question is as follows:

The chemical potential energy of bond A is greater than the chemical potential energy of bond B. Which statement best explains this observation?(1 point)

a-The atoms in bond A are larger than the atoms in bond B.

b-The atoms in bond A have fewer bonds between them than the atoms in bond B.

c-The atoms in bond A are held more tightly together than the atoms in bond B.

d-The atoms in bond A are farther apart than the atoms in bond B.

The dissociation equation for lithium hydroxide (LiOH), a strong base, is: LiOH (s) → Li+ (aq) + OH- (aq) A dissociation equation is an equation that represents the dissociation of a compound into its ions when dissolved in a solvent.

In this case, LiOH dissociates in water to form Li+ and OH- ions. LiOH is a strong base because it dissociates almost completely in water, producing a high concentration of OH- ions. The dissociation of a strong base is represented by a one-way arrow in the equation, indicating that it proceeds almost completely in one direction.A two-way arrow, <--> , is used in equilibrium reactions, where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate. This is not the case for the dissociation of strong bases like LiOH, where the reaction proceeds almost completely in one direction.

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