True, Ancient Chinese doctors once used a combination of Cannabis and alcohol to anesthetize patients for surgery.
it was also observed that during the second century A.D, the Chinese surgeon, Hua T'o, began to use cannabis as an anesthesia and to treat people.
True, it was true in chinese herbal manuals that ginseng and cannabis combination is known as a clairvoyant mixture.
it was also written by the Taoist priest wrote in the fifth century B.C. that Cannabis in the combination with Ginseng to people to set forward time and reveal future events.
in modern medicine, cannabis do have science values,cannabis has been used in China for fiber, seeds, as a traditional medicine and also used for medicine.
People in ancient times believed that treatments were directed toward eliminating evil spirits herbs and plants In 4000 BC.
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Which of the following best illustrates the change in the frequencies of the A and a alleles from generation 1 to generation 2 and to future generations, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is present after generation 1 ?
Future generations will have the same frequencies of the A and a alleles as generation 2. Individuals with the aa genotype could be produced.
Generation 1Generation 2Generation n AA.67 .87. 87 aa.33 .13 .13
Based on the given information, the best illustration of the change in the frequencies of the A and a alleles from generation 1 to generation 2 and future generations, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is present after generation 1, would be:
Generation 1:
AA = 0.67,
aa = 0.33
Generation 2:
AA = 0.87,
aa = 0.13
Future generations:
AA = 0.87,
aa = 0.13
This means that the frequency of the A allele (represented by AA) increased from generation 1 to generation 2 and remains the same in future generations. The frequency of the a allele (represented by aa) decreased from generation 1 to generation 2 and also remains the same in future generations. This implies that there is no further change in allele frequencies beyond generation 2, and individuals with the aa genotype can still be produced in future generations.
Therefore, the correct answer is :
Generation 1:
AA = 0.67,
aa = 0.33
Generation 2:
AA = 0.87,
aa = 0.13
Future generations:
AA = 0.87,
aa = 0.13
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How can excess sugars lead to formation of fat molecules?
Excess sugars can lead to the formation of fat molecules in the body through a process called lipogenesis.
Lipogenesis is the creation of fatty acids and triglycerides from simple sugars. This process occurs when the body does not have enough energy from simple sugars, such as glucose, to meet its needs. The excess sugar is then converted into fatty acids and triglycerides, which are used by the body for energy storage. In other words, lipogenesis is the conversion of simple sugars into fat molecules.
The most important step in lipogenesis is the breakdown of simple sugars into their component parts, namely glucose and fructose. Glucose is a type of simple sugar that is used by the body as an energy source, while fructose is a type of simple sugar that is not used by the body as an energy source.
Once the simple sugars have been broken down, they are converted into fatty acids, which are then converted into triglycerides. Triglycerides are made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule, and they are the primary form of energy storage in the body.
In conclusion, excess sugars can lead to the formation of fat molecules in the body through a process called lipogenesis. This process occurs when the body does not have enough energy from simple sugars, such as glucose, to meet its needs. The excess sugar is then converted into fatty acids and triglycerides, which are used by the body for energy storage.
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Some neurotransmitters are called __________________ neurotransmitters because they depolarize the postsynaptic membrane.
Neurotransmitters that depolarize the postsynaptic membrane are known as excitatory neurotransmitters.
This means they cause an increase in the neuron's membrane potential, resulting in the neuron firing an action potential.
The action potential can be initiated when an excitatory neurotransmitter binds to the postsynaptic receptor. This binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor causes an influx of ions into the cell. This influx of ions changes the electrical potential of the membrane, thus depolarizing the membrane and allowing an action potential to be generated.
Some examples of excitatory neurotransmitters are glutamate, acetylcholine, and epinephrine. Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter, and it is responsible for the majority of excitatory signals in the brain. Acetylcholine is involved in the transmission of signals from the motor cortex to the skeletal muscles, and it is also involved in the learning and memory process. Finally, epinephrine is a hormone that is released during stress and is involved in the fight-or-flight response.
In summary, excitatory neurotransmitters are neurotransmitters that depolarize the postsynaptic membrane, thus allowing the generation of an action potential. Examples of excitatory neurotransmitters include glutamate, acetylcholine, and epinephrine.
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Why do a double circuit is better than single circuit heart
Double circuit improves the efficacy of circulation and high pressure pushes the blood in the lungs and the body and is thus better than a single circuit heart.
Blood is delivered to the two atria from two separate circuits (the lungs and the systems). The efficiency of oxygenation is decreased by some blood mixing in the ventricle of the heart. This configuration has the benefit of pushing blood to the body and lungs through the arteries' high pressure.
The heart is also divided into four chambers in mammals and birds: two atria and two ventricles. Because mammals and birds have warm-blooded lifestyles, the oxygenated blood is separated from the deoxygenated blood, which increases the effectiveness of double circulation. Birds and mammals' four chambered hearts diverged from three chambered hearts on their own.
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what stage does chromosomes align in center of cell
Chromosomes align in the center of a cell during metaphase, which is the second stage of the cell cycle.
During this stage, the spindle apparatus forms, which is composed of microtubules that attach to each chromosome. The microtubules will then pull the chromosomes to the centre of the cell, aligning them in a process known as the Metaphase Plate. This ensures that each daughter cell will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. The alignment of chromosomes in the center of the cell during metaphase is essential for accurate segregation during the later stages of cell division.
In preparation for metaphase, the chromatids (the two identical halves of a chromosome) that were previously duplicated in the preceding stage, prophase, condense into a tightly-packed structure. Microtubules attach to each chromatid and the spindle apparatus begins to form. Once the spindle apparatus is formed, the chromosomes are pulled to the centre of the cell, resulting in the Metaphase Plate.
The alignment of chromosomes in the centre of the cell during metaphase is essential for the accurate segregation of chromosomes during the following stage, anaphase. During anaphase, the centromeres (the point where two chromatids of a chromosome are joined) of each chromosome separate and the two daughter chromosomes are pulled in opposite directions. This ensures that each daughter cell receives the same genetic information from the parent cell.
In summary, during metaphase, the chromosomes align in the centre of the cell as a result of the spindle apparatus. This alignment is necessary to ensure that each daughter cell receives the same genetic information from the parent cell during the subsequent stages of cell division.
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Which example is an abiotic factor of a desert environment?
* rattlesnake
* scorpion
* cactus
* sand
Answer:
Which example is an abiotic factor of a desert environment?
* rattlesnake
* scorpion
* cactus
* sand
Explanation:
Sand is an abiotic factor of a desert environment. Abiotic factors are non-living physical and chemical components of an ecosystem, such as water, sunlight, soil, and temperature.
what event immediately precedes activation of s-phase cyclin-cdk ?
The event that immediately precedes activation of S-phase cyclin-Cdk (Cyclin-dependent kinase) is the completion of DNA replication licensing.
During the G1 phase of the cell cycle, the replication licensing complex (RLC) attaches to DNA and licenses it for replication. The RLC consists of multiple proteins, including the origin recognition complex (ORC) and the mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) complex. During the G1/S transition, the RLC is activated, and the MCM complex is loaded onto DNA, which initiates the process of DNA replication.
Once the licensing process is complete, S-phase cyclin-Cdk is activated, which triggers DNA synthesis and entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. The activation of S-phase cyclin-Cdk also leads to the degradation of the RLC, ensuring that DNA replication occurs only once per cell cycle.
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lysogeny can result in all of the following except A) Acquisition of new characteristics by the host cell B) Transduction of specific genes C) Immunity to reinfection by the same phage. D) Immunity to reinfection by any phage
Acquisition of new characteristics by the host cell is Transduction of specific genes and Immunity to reinfection by the same phage. Therefore the correct option is option B and C.
Lysogeny is a process in which a virus (bacteriophage) infects a bacterial cell and inserts its genetic material (DNA) into the bacterial chromosome without immediately destroying the host cell. The integrated viral DNA is known as a prophage, and the host cell is known as a lysogeny.
During this period, the bacterium divides, and the virus genetic material is transmitted to each of its daughter cells along with the bacterium genetic material. The lysogeny bacteria will continue to produce the viral DNA but not the virus's structural proteins.
This process results in immunity to reinfection by the same phage, but not by any other phage. Thus, lysogeny can result in transduction of specific genes and immunity to reinfection by the same phage. Therefore the correct option is option B and C.
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what country has the lowest rate of mental illness
Nigeria has the lowest rate of mental illness.
It is difficult to accurately determine which country has the lowest rate of mental illness due to the challenges in defining and diagnosing mental illness, variations in data collection methods, and differences in cultural attitudes towards mental health. However, there are some studies that have attempted to compare the prevalence of mental illness across countries.
One study published in the journal BMC Medicine in 2013 analyzed data from the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey and found that Nigeria had the lowest prevalence of mental illness among the countries included in the survey. However, it's important to note that the study only included a subset of countries and may not be representative of the entire world.
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which of the following would decrease total peripheral resistance to blood flow? which of the following would decrease total peripheral resistance to blood flow? vasoconstriction increasing blood vessel length atherosclerosis decreasing the hematocrit
Decreasing the hematocrit would decrease total peripheral resistance to blood flow.
Hematocrit is the proportion of blood that is occupied by red blood cells. A decrease in hematocrit leads to decreased viscosity in blood. This leads to a decrease in the resistance to blood flow that the blood vessels present. Blood flow is restricted due to the resistance offered by the walls of the vessels that the blood flows through. This resistance is called total peripheral resistance (TPR). This is how a decrease in total peripheral resistance is brought about by a decrease in hematocrit. Vasoconstriction refers to the narrowing of blood vessels, and atherosclerosis is a medical condition that leads to the hardening and narrowing of arteries, both of which would increase TPR.
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name the two types of proteins that regulate the cell cycle
The cell cycle is a complex series of events that are regulated by various proteins.
Two main types of proteins that play a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Cyclins are proteins that accumulate and are degraded in a cyclic manner during the cell cycle. Their levels rise and fall in coordination with the various stages of the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases are enzymes that become active when bound to cyclins. They are responsible for phosphorylating specific target proteins to drive the cell cycle forward. Together, cyclins and CDKs form a regulatory system that ensures proper progression through the cell cycle, ultimately leading to cell division.
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describe the orientation/attachment of the microtubules when the muscle is at rest, vs during contraction
The orientation/attachment of the microtubules when the muscle is at rest, vs during contraction: In muscle fibers, microtubules are mainly concentrated in the perinuclear region and the subsarcolemmal regions. Microtubules appear to be aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the muscle fiber when the muscle is at rest.
Microtubules in muscle fibers are associated with the Z-lines and serve as the foundation for the Z-line and actin filaments. During contraction, however, the orientation of the microtubules changes, with the microtubules being displaced towards the I-band area. This is critical since it contributes to the mechanical coupling of the muscle fiber’s cytoskeleton with the myofibrillar apparatus.
The microtubule network appears to play an important role in this process in skeletal muscle fibers. The microtubules’ change in orientation and attachment during muscle contraction allows for the efficient transfer of mechanical forces generated by myofibrils to the cell membrane and extracellular matrix. As a result, any disruption to the microtubule network may impair the muscle fiber’s overall mechanical stability and possibly lead to muscle dysfunction.
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which of the following statements is most accurate select an answer and submit. for keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a hydrogen ions released during lactate production are primarily responsible for blood acidosis b an accumulation of adp during exercise will inhibit creatine kinase activity. c during exercise, glycogen stored in non-exercising muscles help preserve blood glucose levels. d in non-muscle cells, lactate an be converted back to glucose, implying that it is an energy source.
The correct answer is during exercise ,glycogen stored in non-exercising muscles help preserve blood glucose levels.
During exercise, glycogen is stored in non-exercising muscles help preserve blood glucose levels. Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals that is composed of glucose molecules. It is stored in the liver and muscles and is used to provide energy during periods of intense physical activity or fasting. Therefore, during exercise, glycogen stored in non-exercising muscles help preserve blood glucose levels.
This statement is most accurate as blood glucose levels are crucial to maintain energy production during exercise. Glycogen is broken down to release glucose that helps to keep the glucose levels up during the exercise. Hence, the statement "During exercise, glycogen stored in non-exercising muscles help preserve blood glucose levels" is the most accurate statement among the given options.
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What is it called when a foreign gene is inserted into an organism?
When a foreign gene is inserted into an organism, it is referred to as genetic engineering.
Genetic engineering is the method of modifying the genetic material of an organism, either by direct gene transfer or by selective breeding, to obtain desirable traits or to get a better understanding of the organism's genetics. It entails inserting, deleting, or changing genes in an organism's genetic code.The foreign gene is introduced into the organism by a vector. A vector is a carrier that carries genetic material from one organism to another. Plasmids, bacteriophages, and viral vectors are some of the most common vectors used in genetic engineering.
The foreign gene, for example, is isolated from its original organism and then inserted into a vector, which then carries it into the host organism.The new genetic material is then incorporated into the host organism's DNA. If it is carried out in a gamete, it will be inherited by the organism's progeny, resulting in genetic modification or genetic engineering of the species. The introduced gene might come from a different species, a natural variant of the organism, or a totally artificial construct, such as a gene designed to treat a genetic illness. The technique has a variety of uses, including biotechnology, agriculture, and medicine.
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poses a severe and random policy risk to company personnel and assets, and interrupts the conduct of business.
a. Privatization b. Terrorism
c. An election
The option which poses a severe and random policy risk to company personnel and assets and interrupts the conduct of business is terrorism. Terrorism is intimidation against people and property. Thus, the correct option is B.
What is terrorism?Terrorism refers to the use of force and intimidation against people or property to coerce or intimidate governments or societies, often to advance ideological, political, or religious objectives. It is frequently used as a tactic by extremist groups with a violent agenda.
Terrorism poses a severe and random policy risk to company personnel and assets and interrupts the conduct of business. In today's globalized economy, where corporations operate in various parts of the world, the threat of terrorism is greater than ever. It also threatens the supply chain by making it more challenging to transport goods from one location to another.
A terrorist attack on a company's facilities or employees could cause significant losses, including reputational harm, financial loss, and even loss of life. As a result, businesses must take measures to protect themselves against terrorist attacks.
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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Which Symptoms can a person experience with 20 to 30% blood loss?
A person can experience a range of symptoms with 20 to 30% blood loss, including dizziness, confusion, paleness, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, and low blood pressure.
As the blood loss progresses, the person may come more confused, experience difficulty speaking, and be unfit to concentrate. They may also come weak and sleepy. As the blood loss gets more severe, the person may witness conking , rapid-fire breathing, and increased heart rate.
In severe cases, shock may set in and the person may come unconscious. In all cases, it's important to seek medical attention incontinently as blood loss of this magnitude can be life hanging .
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Learning Objective: Hypothesize how biomes will be affected by climate changes.
13. Different types of research have all concluded that global climate change is:
A. increasing annual precipitation everywhere.
B. increasing annual temperatures everywhere.
C. making climates more extreme.
D. making storms more frequent.
The correct answer is C: making climates more extreme. Global climate change has been studied and found to have many effects, but one of the most notable is the increasing intensity of extreme climates.
Climate change is a phenomenon caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the Earth's atmosphere. Biomes are vast areas of the Earth's surface that share similar climatic and environmental characteristics. The taiga, tundra, desert, savanna, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest, and grassland are examples of biomes. Biomes differ from one another in terms of precipitation, temperature, soil quality, and other environmental characteristics.
Global climate change is causing biomes to change in many ways. Biomes are shifting towards the poles as temperatures rise, and precipitation patterns are changing. Many species of plants and animals are having difficulty adapting to these changes, which is causing their populations to decline or shift to new areas.
Hence , The global climate change is affecting biomes in many ways, and all types of research have concluded that global climate change is making climates more extreme. Different types of research have all concluded that global climate change is making climates more extreme. The correct option is C.
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the _____ hypothesis states that long term environmental unpredictability led to morphological and behavioral adaptations. group of answer choices a. savannah b. turnover c. pulse variability d. selection aridity
The pulse variability hypothesis states that long-term environmental unpredictability led to morphological and behavioral adaptations.
What is the pulse variability hypothesis? The pulse variability hypothesis is a concept that describes how environmental variability affects life on earth. It states that changes in the natural environment may not always be gradual, but instead may occur in pulses, with periods of stability interrupted by short periods of intense variation.
Pulse variability hypothesis refers to the idea that the natural environment is not always in a state of gradual change but, rather, is subject to punctuated shifts where long-term environmental unpredictability results in morphological and behavioral adaptations.
The hypothesis provides an alternative perspective to the traditionally held view of gradual and constant environmental change.
What is environmental unpredictability? Environmental unpredictability refers to an event in which an ecosystem's climate changes abruptly and unpredictably due to environmental factors. Changes to the environment can lead to shifts in populations and in the composition of entire ecosystems.
This kind of environmental unpredictability is one of the major threats to biodiversity.
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What are the four nitrogenous bases and how are they related what is the difference between A purine & pyrimidine?
The four nitrogenous bases between A purine & pyrimidine are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T).
These bases are found in DNA, which is the genetic material that carries the instructions for the development, function, and reproduction of living organisms.
The nitrogenous bases are related because they pair up to form the rungs of the DNA ladder. Specifically, Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C). This base pairing is essential for DNA replication and protein synthesis.
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are purines, which means they have a double-ring structure. Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T), on the other hand, are pyrimidines and have a single-ring structure. The difference in their structures affects how they pair up with each other in the DNA double helix. The pairing of a purine with a pyrimidine allows for the correct spacing between the rungs of the DNA ladder.
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smells, tastes, and sights that evoke stored memories are called?
The smells, tastes, and sights that evoke stored memories are called "sensory memory."
Memories are of different types and are classified accordingly. Sensory memory refers to the sensory stimuli (visual, auditory, etc.) that are briefly held in a person's sensory system before being transferred to short-term or long-term memory, according to researchers.
Sensory memories are linked with the body's senses and can be activated through sensory experiences. In addition to this, the emotions connected to those experiences are also stimulated.
Sensory memories are distinct from long-term memory, which includes both explicit memory (memories that can be intentionally recalled, such as personal events) and implicit memory (memories that aren't conscious or available to conscious recollection, such as driving a car or playing an instrument).
Thus, sensory memory refers to the brief storage of sensory input after its initial reception by the senses. The majority of the sensory input is ignored, but some of it is retained in sensory memory, which can last anywhere from a few milliseconds to a few seconds. Because sensory memory is so short-lived, it isn't usually thought of as a long-term memory store, but it does help to keep information flowing through the system.
In conclusion, smells, tastes, and sights that evoke stored memories are sensory cues or triggers that can elicit strong emotional responses.
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a prokaryotic cell hitched a ride to earth on space shuttle from an unknown planet. the organism is a psychrophile, an acidophile, and a microaerophile. based on the characteristics of the microbe, describe the planet.
Based on the characteristics of the microbe, the planet can be described as cold, acidic, and low in oxygen if the prokaryotic cell is a psychrophile, an acidophile, and a microaerophile.
The prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles. A psychrophile is an organism which thrives in cold temperatures. However, acidophiles are organisms that thrive in acidic conditions and microaerophiles are organisms that require low levels of oxygen to survive.
Hence, based on the characteristics of the microbe it can be concluded it probably came from a planet which is cold, acidic and has low oxygen levels.
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Place the following events in the correct sequence in which they occur. a. eclectrical excitation of the muscle cell membrane, sliding of the myofilaments, excitation contraction coupling b. sliding of the myofilaments electrical excitation of the muscle cell membrane, excitation contraction coupling c. excitation-contraction coupling sliding of myofilaments, electrical excitation of the muscle cell membrane d. electrical excitation of the muscle cell membrane, excitation contraction coupling, sliding of the myofilaments
The events in the sequence in which they occur during muscle contraction are: electrical excitation of the muscle cell membrane excitation-contraction coupling sliding of myofilaments. Therefore the correct sequence is option D.
Muscle contraction takes place through a series of events that lead to the sliding of actin and myosin filaments in sarcomeres. The sequence of events leading to muscle contraction is as follows:
1. Electrical excitation of the muscle cell membrane.
2. Excitation-contraction coupling.
3. Sliding of myofilaments. The sequence of events that occur during muscle contraction is important to understand because it provides a better understanding of how the muscle fibers function.
The final step in muscle contraction is the sliding of myofilaments, which occurs due to the interaction between the actin and myosin filaments. This sliding of myofilaments leads to the shortening of the sarcomere, resulting in muscle contraction. Therefore the correct sequence is option D.
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Particular reaction has a negative delta G. However this reaction takes many years to proceed in the absence of enzyme. Why is this the case?
The reaction cannot proceed without a certain amount of activation energy.
Delta G is negative in an exergonic reaction, so the reactants have more free energy than the products. It's likely that the reactants are more arranged than the products. The reactants can respond unexpectedly in an exergonic response.
The reaction is deemed exergonic if delta G is negative, indicating that it occurs spontaneously. The reaction is considered to be ENDERGONIC and non-spontaneous if delta G is positive.
A nonspontaneous process requires an ongoing supply of energy from an external source, whereas a spontaneous process does not.
Through the interaction of decreasing energy and increasing entropy, it is determined that spontaneous reactions are processes of combustion. The response is random if the Gibbs Free Energy is negative; The reaction is not spontaneous if it's positive.
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which example best illustrates a gene-environment interaction?
Exposure to cigarette smoke and genetic susceptibility can result in a higher risk of lung cancer, illustrating a gene-environment interaction.
The interaction between the environmental factor of cigarette smoke and the genetic factor of predisposition for lung cancer results in an increased risk for lung cancer. People who are exposed to cigarette smoke (environmental factor) are more likely to develop lung cancer, but this risk is further increased if they have a genetic predisposition for lung cancer (genetic factor). In other words, the interaction between exposure to cigarette smoke and genetic susceptibility results in a higher risk for lung cancer than either factor alone. This illustrates a gene-environment interaction.
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Zebra-tail lizards, found in the Mojave Desert, are small cream color lizards, with distinct black lines underneath their tails. When they see a predator, they curve their tails up & run, making them resemble a scorpion. What type of adaptation do the zebra-tailed lizards display?
A. Cryptic Coloration
B. predation
C. mimicry
D. warning coloration
E. mutualism
The adaptation displayed by the zebra-tailed lizards when they curl their tails and run, which makes them resemble scorpions is known as mimicry. Thus, the correct option will be C.
What is mimicry?Mimicry is a structural and functional similarity in two or more species that is not derived from a similar descent. Mimicry is the resemblance of one species to another, which aids in survival. The evolution of mimicry happens when a species imitates another species, such as its appearance or behavior, to survive.
The zebra-tailed lizards, which are cream-colored lizards with unique black lines under their tails, resemble scorpions when they see a predator. This action or adaptation is referred to as mimicry.
Therefore, the correct option will be C.
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which level of organization is the most complex in terms of size and composition?
Answer: organismal level
Explanation:
The most complex level of organization is the organismal level, where all eleven organ systems function in the human organism, the whole living person.
How did scientists form the geologic time scale?
Scientists form the geologic time scale by dividing Earth’s history into major and minor eras. This is based on the evidence from the rock layers, fossils, and other data gathered from around the world.
Scientists first divided Earth’s history into the four main eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Each of these eras is further divided into smaller and more specific periods, such as the Jurassic period during the Mesozoic era. Each of these periods has its own set of rock layers, fossils, and other evidence that can be studied.
By examining these features, scientists can build a timeline of Earth's history and map out when certain events occurred, such as mass extinctions or changes in the environment. This is how they have formed the geologic time scale.
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how long does it take a venus flytrap to digest a fly
Why do ions need membrane transport proteins to help them cross the plasma membrane?
a. Because they are not proteins
b. Because of their charge
c. Because they are not charged
d. Because of their size
Ions need membrane transport proteins to help them cross the
plasma membrane B. because of their charge.
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that separates the cell's internal environment from the external environment. The membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer that is impermeable to most ions and polar molecules.
Ions are charged particles that cannot freely pass through the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer. Therefore, they require specialized transport proteins to facilitate their movement across the membrane. These transport proteins allow ions to pass through the membrane via a variety of mechanisms, such as channels, carriers, or pumps.
The transport proteins are specific to the type of ion they transport, and they often require energy in the form of ATP to move the ions against their concentration gradient. Without these transport proteins, the movement of ions across the membrane would be severely limited, which could have significant effects on cellular function and homeostasis.
In summary, membrane transport proteins are necessary for ions to cross the plasma membrane due to their charge, as the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer is impermeable to charged particles.
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What are the 2 bones in the lower leg?
The tibia and the smaller fibula are the two bones that make up the lower leg. The massive upper leg bone that joins the lower leg bones (knee joint) to the pelvic bone is known as the thigh bone, or femur (hip joint).
The larger and more powerful of the two bones is the tibia, sometimes referred to as the shinbone, which is situated on the medial (inside) side of the lower leg. At the knee joint and the ankle joint, the tibia articulates with the femur (thigh bone).
The lateral (outside) side of the lower leg contains the fibula, sometimes referred to as the calf bone. It is a long, thin bone. Compared to the tibia, the fibula carries less weight and primarily serves as a location for muscle attachment. In the ankle joint, the fibula articulates with the tibia at its proximal and distal ends, as well as with the talus and tarsal bones.
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